Nepotism in the Workplace

Nepotism in the Workplace Presentation Nepotism can be characterized as the act of settling on business choices based on relationship. It can likewise be characterized as employing or advancing a family member or companion, regardless of whether there are other qualified contender for the position. Nepotism in the working environment isn't remarkable, since this is a training that doesn't have any all inclusive law appended to it. Be that as it may, as of late, states have passed laws to diminish this training, since it has numerous moral issues engaged with it. This paper will look to characterize nepotism and it would to the worldwide, territorial and neighborhood associations where we have seen doubts of nepotism. It will be hard to demonstrate that nepotism does in reality happen in any association; be that as it may, in light of the connection between people recruited and their relations, we have doubts of the events of nepotism. Nepotism is both found in the private and open area. Be that as it may, in light of rese arch, it is progressively common in the open segment. This paper will likewise show how nepotism can be unfavorable the organization on an entire, on the grounds that there are numerous outcomes which bring about nepotism. A few results that will be analyzed incorporate, family struggle in the work place, low staff assurance, loss of equipped representatives, utilization of the activity to do untrustworthy acts, utilization of position to serve their own advantage and to the hindrance of the organization and break of classification. Nepotism is apparent in family claimed organizations for the undeniable reasons. Families would need to pass the business from age to age and this implies the benefit will remain inside the family and will be acquired by relatives. Results of Nepotism In spite of the fact that there are outcomes of nepotism a professional of this demonstration can make security and congruity in the association and this will allude to all the more family possessed organizations. Coherence in such a case that it family possessed, the business will proceed by going from age to age. Dependability in light of the fact that, there will be progression arranging which can bring about the organization being effective. On the other side of the coin, the results out gauge the masters of nepotism. It makes disappointment among representatives. At the point when representatives are disappointed they may have an inclination that their difficult work and devotion are not acknowledged or perceived by the association. Nepotism can likewise bring about the organization losing capable representatives. This can thus influence the associations merchandise and enterprises. Nepotism can likewise cause extortion in the association. What's more, relatives may carry their contention into the working environment. Representatives will most likely be unable to isolate home and work life. This is most found in situations where married couples cooperate and may think that its hard to cooperate. This may cause a decline in the spirit among staff individuals. A complete breakdown in correspondence can result along these lines, which will stream down to different representatives inside the organization. Imbalance of workers is another issue coming about because of Nepotism. In light of this factor, representatives will in general show their disappointment by low creation of work which has credited to issues in the work place as far as maintaining discipline among workers. Order is an issue since workers accept that since there is no equity in the association there is no compelling reason to follow any strategy or system. Penetrate of classification is another result of nepotism. This will happen on account of the absence of faithfulness among representatives. Workers may consider this to be an advantageous time for them to rehearse untrustworthy acts, since they accept on the grounds that they were employed by a nearby or relative any training is refreshing in the association and they may utilize this to further their potential benefit to engage in any sort of dishonest conduct. Where nepotism is predominant For evident reasons nepotism is normal in family claimed organizations and this can be seen in the more positive terms. Nepotism in family possessed organizations can bring about coherence in that the business will be given from age to age. There might be no moral issues associated with the employing relatives inside a family claimed business. Nepotism is common in the administration workplaces. For instance in the United States of America, Vice President Cheneys spouse and his child in-law Phillip Cheney were employed by President George Bush and were given elevated level situation with the administration. The positions given were Assistant Secretary of State and Chief Counsel for the Office of Management and financial plan deferentially (Congress, USA Today, 2007). President Bush was exceptionally condemned for this, on the grounds that many accept that were progressively qualified people who fit the activity. In Cuba Fidel Castro was President of Cuba for more than forty years. His sibling Raul Castro is currently President and has been in the situation from since 2008 to introduce. Raul was given the situation of President with no races by the individuals of Cuba. As a result of the absolutist authority style showed by Fidel and his sibling Raul. Many consider this to be a demonstration of nepotism. According to Grenada, we have seen proof nepotism in the administration divisions, in that people have been utilized as a result of their connection and connection to government authorities. Research was directed on some private claimed organizations in which we saw, a dad, spouse, girl and child in-law were utilized inside a similar association. Staff individuals are of the conclusion that these people were recruited in view of the family connection. Test Violation The guidelines test This test manages the response of your associates, on the off chance that somebody settled on a choice within the sight of a worker, for instance to utilize your sister-in-law to take up the situation of administrator of deals. There will be no doubt or concern, if the business is a little family run business. Since the choice would work and be entirely justifiable considering family claimed organizations are typically passed from age to age and the progression depends on the enthusiastic ties inside the family. Anyway inside any administration association, if a similar choice was made a few partners may begin feeling offended. They may begin thinking if there is a misrepresentation plot really taking shape, and will definitely voice their conclusion and this will make disappointment. First page test: What might it resemble in the event that we read about it in a paper, blog, and twitter? Imagine a scenario where the features read President of Wal-Mart advances his nephew as C.E.O. This will no uncertainty make doubt in the psyches of partners. Additionally if there is some degree of disgrace or ponderousness about the news, one can expect there is some degree of nepotism included. Special case test: This test looks to address two inquiries. 1. Imagine a scenario where everybody did it. In the event that each entrepreneur chose to utilize people that are identified with them or people that are companions, that would cause numerous ramifications, for instance the abilities or capabilities that might be required at a specific time, a companion or a family may not have them, which will bring about wastefulness. Additionally that would imply that the principle prerequisite to acquire a vocation would be on monetary standing who you knew, rather than being decided on capacity or legitimacy. 2. Imagine a scenario in which they did it to us. There is no uncertainty that on the off chance that somebody was denied work since he isn't a companion of the businesses child, however had all the capabilities and aptitudes important to complete the activity would be viewed as absolutely crazy. Furthermore, this would be incomprehensible for anybody to sit and comprehend. Moral Approach The utilitarian methodology This methodology manages demonstrating the best great with the least conceivable damage. As it identifies with nepotism this methodology is incredibly damaged, since nepotism is explicitly connected to profiting just the relatives or to dear companions of a specific individual and regularly makes disappointment most of partners. For instance, in a firm where the current Vice President might be repudiating the choice made by the leader of that association, the President may try to get the Vice President terminated with the goal that his companion may turn into the new Vice President so the choices presently made by the President can stretch the go beyond without any problem. (this solitary advantages the President and the new Vice President) Equity and decency approach This methodology manages the inquiry, Are we perceiving the privileges of those effect? There is no uncertainty that every representative ought to be dealt with similarly; there ought to be no indication of bias in the work place. Along these lines it would not be moral for a business to concede work to an angling pal as opposed to advancing a worker that is talented, able and loaded up with experience that can certainly fill the empty position. It is imperative to note for this situation, there will be a chain response included on the grounds that another representative might be searching forward for the individual above him to be advanced, so he will at that point fill the new empty position. Thusly when somebody outwardly is utilized to fill the situation, there will be a chain response of frustration inside the association. Sorts of Nepotism Certifications nepotism: This type of nepotism is once in a while hidden however could be exceptionally risky to both an individual and an association. In this circumstance individuals are given more acknowledgment for going to a class and passing however can't make a difference what they have realized. In short qualification nepotism implies giving somebody more credit since they are affirmed (Young, 2008). They were with us through various challenges nepotism: This type of nepotism is generally unreasonable and could make a ton of bedlam. New entertainers in an association will in general understand that old entertainers (the individuals who have been with association from origin) are given special treatment by the board. This plainly shows old representatives are not held to a similar worker responsibility gauges as the new ones (Young, 2008). Referral nepotism: Referral is a work which is said to b

Jung Model by Young Woon Ko Essay

This book looks at Carl Gustav Jung’s (1875-1961) hypothesis of synchronicity and talks about the issue of philosophical sources and Yijing (the Book of Changes) that he brings to help his synchronistic standard. By method of the idea of synchronicity, Jung presents the centrality of some human experience as unexplainable inside the edge of logical reasonability and causality dependent on intelligent consistency. Jung attests that in the marvel of synchronicity is an important equal between an external occasion and an inward clairvoyant circumstance causally irrelevant to one another. Jung’s idea of synchronicity is a consolidated type of his original brain research, in which the biased example or the obviousness of the human mind shows itself. The synchronic occasion is a wonder created in the oblivious profundity of the brain, which is incomprehensibly made apparent inside the constraint of the cognizant psyche. Jung hypothesizes that these uncertain substance of the oblivious are hard to be gotten a handle on in the cognizant psyche, since they can't be checked basically as obvious or bogus. For the hypothesis of synchronicity, Jung looks to confirm that dumbfounding recommendations can be both valid and bogus or neither genuine nor bogus in a correlative connection between the contrary energies of the cognizant and the oblivious. Jung contends that synchronistic wonders are not the issue of valid or bogus performed by the coherent sureness of cognizant movement but instead are occasions framed during the time spent the oblivious in light of personality awareness. All together toâ examine the legitimacy of his guideline of synchronicity, Jung offers to the philosophical frameworks of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (16461716), Immanuel Kant (1742-1804), and Arthur Schopenhauer (17881860). For Jung, these philosophical wellsprings of synchronicity bolster his analysis of the total legitimacy of logical soundness wherein all dark and confusing articulations are disposed of in coherent thinking, and they obviously demonstrate the restriction of human information dependent on logical causality and sensible thinking. As opposed to the NewtonianCartesian mechanical model, which seeks after the supreme information on target reality by method of which the subject-object and the psyche body polarity is framed, Jung’s model of synchronicity sets an interrelationship between these differentiating posts. viii Introduction However, it is critical to call attention to that in his advancement of his synchronistic guideline, Jung adjusts his perusing sources inconsistently so a portion of his contentions become procrustean. In Kant’s basic way of thinking most importantly does Jung’s philosophical hotspot for continuing his original brain science and synchronicity finish. Jung advocates for the spaceless and immortal outside human explanation and tactile discernment, as portrayed in Kantian epistemology, as a hotspot for the hypothesis of synchronicity. Kant draws the fringe for the constraints of human explanation inside existence and builds up the idea of the thing-in-itself as the spaceless and immortal past human information, the noumenon. He takes care of the issues of any antinomy or oddity rising in human discernment and involvement with wonder by coming back to the intelligent of Aristotle (384-322 BCE), in which contradictory recommendations are separated by the complexity of valid and bogus. Despite the fact that Kant’s thought of noumenon can bolster the standard of synchronicity, which isn't gotten a handle on in sensate observational information, Kant centers around the constraints of human information and experience, with the goal that he develops no suggestion about noumenon. In this design Kant’s noumenon separates itself from Jung’s rule of synchronicity built by the parity of dumbfounding components. For Jung, the issue of the experimental sensational world is the principle factor for his expository brain science dependent on experiential information and realities. It is in his winnowing of discrepant perspectives from his philosophical hotspots for supporting his hypothesis of synchronicity that Jung experiences issues in keeping up a predictable importance of the marvel of synchronicity. I inspect Jung’s strategy for legitimacy and his way of thinking of science, which bring other philosophical and mental ideas to help his standard of synchronicity, especially Plato’s (427-347 BCE) thought of structure, Leibniz’s monadology, Kant’s thing-in-itself, Schopenhauer’s idea of will, Sigmund Freud’s (1856-1939) dream understanding, and Wolfgang Pauli’s (1900-1958) hypothesis of present day material science. I investigate how those perusing sources check Jung’s synchronistic guideline and furthermore call attention to their disparities from Jung’s conversation of synchronicity. The reason for refering to the likenesses and contrasts between Jung’s synchronicity and his perusing sources is to explain how Jung endeavors to set his particular case for synchronicity structure his fractional adjustment. Jung’s synchronistic standard can be comprehended inside a powerful structure of time, which incorporates the past, the present, and what's to come. Given this perspective on schedule, Edmund Husserl’s (1859-1938) phenomenological strategy for time-awareness turns into a key for understanding the time structure of Jung’s synchronicity. Jung’s perspective on time that is created in the synchronistic standard can be explained by method of phenomenological Jung on Synchronicity and Yijing: A Critical Approach ix time-cognizance, which isn't simply the issue of time however that of â€Å"lived encounters of time. † Husserl contradicts the dualistic qualification between the wonder and thing-in-itself. To put it another way, he dismisses the Kantian limit of human information by which one doesn't keep on rehearsing one’s deliberate movement to the given item however attributes the article itself to the mysterious. For Husserl, all that is significant can be comprehensible to our instinct. The polarity of thing-initself and thing-as-it-shows up (noumenon-marvel) is an ill-conceived admission to dualistic transcendentalism. At the end of the day, thing-in-itself can result from the movement of human creative instinct in Husserl’s phenomenology. The purpose behind restricting such dualism is firmly identified with the insightful mode in the phenomenological strategy in which the present isn't the nuclear present yet the current draws on the past and what's to come. This brought together entire of time doesn't compare to the immortal in the perspective on thing-in-itself. Dissimilar to Kant’s route dependent on the realist custom in the subject-object differentiation, Husserl’s phenomenology, in view of understanding and instinct in the span of time, can work together with Jung’s perspective on schedule. The synchronistic second that Jung presents is the wonder constantly engaged with abstract understanding and instinct, which are created in the length of time. The synchronistic marvel isn't extraordinary or the target streaming of time-in-itself paying little heed to our emotional experience. At last, I look at Jung’s conversation of Yijing, one of the essential works of art in the Chinese conventions, for his hypothesis of synchronicity. I examine the qualification between the two by calling attention to the viewpoint of Yijing revealed from Jung’s fractional comprehension. At that point I investigate how the natural model of Yijing can enhance Jung’s hypothesis of the synchronistic connection between the mind and the physical occasion by looking to the procedure of progress in the improvement of time. Through his perusing of Yijing, I likewise talk about Jung’s idea of the perfect created in the synchronistic standard. Jung respects the pictures of yin-yang association created in the content of Yijing as the comprehensible model and the representative language of Yijing as driven from the originals of the oblivious. Yijing indicates the wonders of changes that our sense of self cognizance can't get a handle on. In this style, inside the content of Yijing is the standard of synchronicity by method of prototype portrayal, which is before sense of self cognizance. By concentrating on a strategy for obscurity, Jung keeps up that the hexagrams of yin and yang accomplished by the odd and even numbers shaped by separating the x Introduction forty-nine yarrow follows or tossing three coins down together showcase the synchronistic connection between the participant’s mystic world and the physical world. This strategy for Yijing is led by discharging the egoconsciousness and drawing upon the element of the oblivious by means of prototype portrayal. An experience with a more extensive skyline of the psyche can be clarified as the procedure of self-development in the East Asian custom. Jung verbalizes this procedure as the procedure of individuation, or self-acknowledgment through the acknowledgment of a harmony between the cognizant and the oblivious. As per Jung, the marvel of synchronicity alludes to the nearby association between the model vision of the oblivious and the physical occasion. Such an association isn't straightforward possibility but instead is an important fortuitous event. Specifically, Jung’s mental translation of the heavenly explains the strict importance of the connection between the human brain and the preeminent extreme created in the Yijing setting. Jung looks at the human experience of God in the indivisible connection between the heavenly and the human oblivious. Jung’s conversation of the awesome is created by inspecting the original procedure of the oblivious appeared in the experience of synchronicity. The human experience of God, as an oblivious pay because of inner self cognizance, is the strict and religious theme that Jung brings into his conversation of synchronicity and prime example. That is, Jung’s thought of the strict self is gotten from the experience of self-change, which is performed through the model portrayal of the awesome. In this se

Gullivers Travels Essay Topics

<h1>Gulliver's Travels Essay Topics</h1><p>It is anything but difficult to take a gander at the absolute generally famous in-flight diversion on business carriers and wonder about the capacity of moderators to fulfill the everlasting craving for scholarly incitement that a voyager moving can just dream of. The abundance of data offered by moderators that flies out of the producer's attentiveness makes that fantasy feasible, on the off chance that you have the control to filter through them.</p><p></p><p>Gone are the days when we could just make the most everyday excursions to the solaces of our own homes by following stars or arranging inaccessible excursions. A brilliant computerized memory card is quick turning into the most well known methods for going for a universal excursion. Obviously, it additionally offers you the chance to convey an arrangement of routine numbers onto any plane you may go on as you engage the masses.</p><p& gt;</p><p>Gulliver's Travels Essay Topics ranges from the nineteenth century with its regard for science to the eventual fate of more space investigation programs. From the earliest starting point of the space race, to the ascent of the web search tools, from the present condition to geo-political elements of the planet, you get a decent handle on the condition of current innovation and the manner in which it will shape the fate of humanity. The paper points change often with the famous thoughts of creators. I have no delay in saying this is perhaps the best articles, as they stream from subject to subject, addressing the circumstances and end results of innovation in our lives, offering new viewpoints on the idea of innovation, and giving us a brief look into the eventual fate of traveling.</p><p></p><p>Gulliver's Travels Essay Topics covers everything from the universe of radio to the logical advancements of the PC and the Internet. A note to th e new music arrangers: despite the fact that we may not know it yet, in fifty years, you could be composing a paper on your future work dependent on the standards you instruct in this book!</p><p></p><p>As innovation has created throughout the hundreds of years, there have beena's numerous adaptations of the Humpty Dumpty machine, the polarity of contrary energies, and the reliance of all social orders on their predominant religion, as there have been the different individuals who lived in it. With the development of science and innovation, both these things have developed in significance. Both humankind and the land are turning into a piece of the Earth.</p><p></p><p>Though it isn't the sort of sci-fi you may hope to discover in an article on movement, I was especially intrigued with the variety of current discussions over how precisely spaceflight influences our kids and the eventual fate of humanity as we probably am aware it. Envis ion, for instance, if the United States gets itself unfit to construct the scientific geniuses' aptitude. These are matters to which innovation is bound, and their outcomes will be felt for ages to come.</p><p></p><p>Perhaps the best exercise to detract from this book is that we are largely liable to the ever-evolving zeitgeist. Whatever you should envision for yourself, odds are that the innovation is out there standing by to transform it for you.</p>

Finding The Right Rhetorical Mode For Your Essay

<h1>Finding The Right Rhetorical Mode For Your Essay</h1><p>Essays, similar to articles, should be valuable. The motivation behind composing an examination paper or even a school level exposition is to give answers and answers for different inquiries. The best and productive methods for getting such answers is through legitimate scholastic research.</p><p></p><p>Most paper authors who practice an untraditional composing style come up short on the capacity to completely pass on their thoughts and contentions to the peruser. This can be very disappointing, since it is simpler to accomplish the ideal final product with a progressively standard and restrained style. As it were, as an English major, you ought to have the option to utilize the logical style to viably pass on your points.</p><p></p><p>Unlike a report, an article is a long record that requests examination. In this way, it's astute to start by recognizing the o bjective of the composition. In what manner will you measure success?</p><p></p><p>This is the thing that will fill in as the reason for the composing style. You have to distinguish the zones wherein you will look for data. It might be tied in with something that is of extraordinary significance or something moderately irrelevant. You should figure out how to expound on those areas.</p><p></p><p>If you need to realize how to compose an enticing exposition, you should focus on the logical style. The strategy for influence must be deliberately examined and structured. You will likewise need to ensure that it tends to a particular crowd. For instance, on the off chance that you are an open speaker, the tone of your composing must be aware and professional.</p><p></p><p>Once you have found the territory you need to address, you should decide the subtleties of your contention. This implies you should ensure that each point has some substance. At the point when you have solid proof and solid rationale, the impact can be more impressive than a contention with frail arguments.</p><p></p><p>Another consider that plays the logical style is the theme. The thought you give with your contention will direct how the style should look. In case you're covering a specific time of history, the style needs to reflect the era.</p><p></p><p>To figure out how to compose an enticing exposition utilizing the explanatory style, you should be happy to delve in and be eager to speak with power. You should be happy to advance your feelings and positions strongly. At long last, you should have the option to unmistakably verbalize your thoughts and to add layers of substance to them. This will cause your plan to appear to be more persuasive.</p>

How to Make Cake Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone

<h1> How to Make Cake Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone</h1> <h2> The Honest to Goodness Truth on How to Make Cake Essay Samples </h2> <p>You should clean your hands and work zone. Our administration has built up fixed costs so you will be in a situation to process the cost preemptively. In the event that you're, at that point you go to the right area. From that point onward, assemble all your gear and food things in your work region, sort out it dependent on the request you will utilize them in procuring your cake. </p> <p>To get to know the rules and regulations of shooting your cakes, view our tips, which recognize the most continuous mix-ups and the best fixes when trying to have the perfect cake shot. Cake pop creator toy are basically one of bunches of favored breakfast things in the usa just as in some different countries around the world. These fun blends make it easy to Celebrate More in my regular day to day existence! This basic yet moreish cake is extraordinary for gatherings, birthday celebrations or just family social affairs. </p> <h2> Top How to Make Cake Essay Samples Choices</h2> <p>Among the most agreeable cupcake brightening thoughts for youngsters is to set up an enriching station at birthday celebrations for all the gathering visitors to make their own cupcake structure. Photoshop is a somewhat solid outline device and today we'll acquire a magnificent, scrumptious, and vivid cake without expecting to do the dishes a short time later. It is by a lon g shot the most easygoing of all cake flyers and doesn't require a specific event or season to be posted. </p> <p>Substituting a wheat flour mix and counterfeit sugar assists with guaranteeing that a diabetic will have no wellbeing outcomes as a result of eating the cake. An individual who has a gluten prejudice can't eat normal cake. Since a ton of the fixings are basic to most of family units, the opportunity to win a flavorful treat is basically readily available. The most continuous fixings important to prepare a cake are run of the mill things found in almost every family. </p> <h2> The Ultimate Approach for How to Make Cake Essay Samples</h2> <p>When you have an over the top measure of flour at the base, when the cake is made, its base is going to pose a flavor like flour so make certain not to put a lot of it. By Mark Aspinwall You have to procure a cake. Print out the image you wish to be applicable to your cake. Stage 1 If you trust you can't make that perfect wipe cake, at that point attempt this simple formula and you will absolutely develop to be an a ce in revealing the perfect natively constructed cake. </p> <p>Don't utilize a lot of shortening since it might create the cake taste somewhat unique. Preparing a cake may appear to be scaring to most of individuals yet it is in actuality not. Heating a cake is a charming and straightforward procedure that might be completed by essentially anybody. Wrap up the cake in the manner you want.</p> <p>Be sure to watch out for your cake at whatever point it is heating. Cake pops producer are significantly more adaptable than regular cake since they are little and they can be molded and stacked. To close the completing of heating a cake, it is anything but difficult to tell that causing a cake to can be exceedingly basic, yet at precisely the same time can be hard. Immortal espresso cake is among our record-breaking most loved evening treats. </p> <p>A incredible format is one which is very much separated and easy to see initially, which makes significant data easy to find. Presently that you're mindful that we are the absolute best online article composing administration to work with, don't spare a moment to stop by our webpage and request an exposition. The procedure paper how to win a cake magnificent nature of exposition is very noteworthy. There are a great deal of on-line exposition composing administrations to help you with your composing undertakings. &l t;/p> <p>There are heaps of free assets online at which you can get to novice photography counsel. In case you're submitting photographs for a book or magazine, you generally need to work with a specialist. Guarantee that the peruser knows everything associated with the technique you're expounding on. In addition, you don't have to visit the library or read the reference book from spread to cover when you have to comprehend the answer to some question. </p>

Use Case - Free Essay Example

Use Case A use case diagram depicts the units of functionality of the system as well as the actors capable of carrying out these functions. An actor is a person within the system needed to carry out a particular function. A function is depicted by an oval text box and is referred to as a use case as well, use case in this terms meaning unit of functionality. A Use Case diagram is a compilation of Use Cases to form a system. There are four actors within the MPP system. This does not suggest that only four literal people are responsible for operating the entire system. An actor is a classification of a person. In essence an actor refers to something general such as a job title as in this example the four actors are Secretary, HR Manager, Accountant and Staff Member. This use case diagram suggests that the classification of actors are responsible for the duties they are connected to. As such all persons holding that job title will be required to fulfil the duties depicted. The duties or use cases are explain further as use case specifications and the actors are details as classes in task two. Use Case Specifications Number: UC0001 Name Create Employee Actors Secretary, HR Manager Goal: To add a new member of staff Use Case Relationships Extend: Include: Associations: Secretary, HR Manager Generalisation: Description Index Actor Event 1 Secretary gives member a form 2 Member fills form an returns it to secretary 3 HR Manager reviews form and approves employee 4 Secretary notifies employee 5 HR Manager confirms details Alternatives Index Actor Event A 1/1 Person Not Approved A 1/1.1 HR Manager disapproves person A 1/1.2 Secretary notifies person A 1/2 Invalid Data A 1/2.1 Person confirms data invalid A 1/2.2 HR Manager edits details A 1/2.3 Person confirms details This use case specification explains the procedure to be undertaken when adding a new member of staff to the MPP payroll. This process involves both the HR manager and the secretary in terms of the system. The secretary initially distributes a form to the potential employee to fill within which the applicants qualifications and contact information is kept on file. The details mentioned within the specification encompass all the personal information of the applicant inclusive of contact information as well as personal details. This information is then sent to the HR manager to review where a decision is made to approve the employee for an interview. This decision dictates whether the secretary contact the applicant to inform them of an upcoming interview or to inform them that their application has been rejected. The assumption here is that MPP only hires members of the party to become staff members. Number: UC0002 Name Create a Member Actors Secretary Goal: To add a new member to the MPP party Use Case Relationships Extend: Include: Associations: Secretary Create an Election Candidate Create a Member of Parliament Create a Regional Assembly Member Generalisation: Description Index Actor Event 1 Person requests membership 2 Secretary creates new member record 3 Secretary confirms persons details to be accurate 4 Member is added to membership list Alternatives Index Actor Event A 2/1 Incorrect Details A 2/1.1 Secretary enters incorrect details A 2/1.2 Secretary edits details A 2/1.3 Person confirms details This use case specification depicts how a new member of MPP is added to the system. There is an estimated fifty thousand members of the party whom which information is needed to be stored as they are relied on during election time when the party is campaigning for election. The political party most probably doesnt discriminate the right of membership by any one person. Seeing that not much clerical data needs to be manipulated the secretary is fully capable of adding a member to the party. The process begins as a person requests membership to the party. The secretary then enters the members personal information especially their contact information as given by the applicant. Once the member confirms the information to be accurate the record is saved and thereby added to the membership list of MPP. Number: UC0003 Name Create an Election Candidate Actors Staff Member Goal: To add a new Election Candidate Use Case Relationships Extend: Create a Member Include: Associations: Generalisation: Description Index Actor Event 1 Staff Member elects Member to become candidate 2 Staff Member contacts Member 3 Member confirms 4 Staff Member adds member to shortlist 5 Staff Member changes member position to EC Alternatives Index Actor Event A 3/1 Member Disapproves A 3/1.1 Staff Member elects another Member to become candidate This system assumes that only existing members of the party are elected to become election candidates for a particular seat. A member therefore can be classified as an election candidate once their name has been added to a shortlist, which is a list of potential election candidates for a particular area. Using this assumption a member position classification was created within the member file an as such a member may have many classifications ranging from volunteer represented as VOL and election candidate represented as EC. Once an election candidate wins an election for a post they may be contending their position will be changed to Member of Parliament or Regional Assembly Member respectively as will be discovered. Number: UC0004 Name Create a Member of Parliament Actors Staff Member Goal: To add a new Member of Parliament Use Case Relationships Extend: Create a Member Include: Associations: Generalisation: Description Index Actor Event 1 Candidate is voted member of parliament 2 Staff Member changes member position to MOP Alternatives Index Actor Event A 4/1 Member Looses Election A 4/1.4 Staff Member changes Member position to VOL Number: UC0005 Name Create a Regional Assembly Member Actors Staff Member Goal: To add a new Regional Assembly Member Use Case Relationships Extend: Create a Member Include: Associations: Generalisation: Description Index Actor Event 1 Candidate is voted Regional Assembly Member 2 Staff Member changes member position to RAM Alternatives Index Actor Event A 4/1 Member Looses Election A 4/1.4 Staff Member changes Member position to VOL Both the Create a member of parliament and Create a regional assembly member use cases rely on the Create a member use case. Once a member looses an election his position within the party is reassigned to a volunteer. Number: UC0006 Name Add Member to shortlist Actors Staff Member Goal: To add a Member to a shortlist Use Case Relationships Extend: Include: Associations: Generalisation: Description Index Actor Event 1 Member approves to become a candidate 2 Staff Member adds member details to shortlist 3 Staff Member changes Member position to EC Alternatives Index Actor Event A 4/1 Member Steps Down A 4/1.1 Member notifies Staff Member A 4/1.2 Staff Member removes member from shortlist A 4/1.3 Staff Member edits Member position A staff member is responsible for adding a member to the shortlist thereby creating an election candidate. The shortlist is a record of potential election candidates of the MPP. Editing of the shortlist is as simple as editing a table. A staff member is responsible for this responsibility. This use cases is used in conjunction with the Create an election candidate use case within which adding a member to a shortlist is referred to. Once a member agrees to become an election candidate their personal information is added to a list of potential candidates for a particular seat within a respective area. Number: UC0007 Name Contact Members Actors Staff Member, Secretary Goal: To contact members of the party Use Case Relationships Extend: Include: Associations: Generalisation: Description Index Actor Event 1 Staff Member/Secretary queries member details 2 Secretary/Staff Member contacts Member Alternatives Index Actor Event A 7/1 Contact Unavailable A 7/1.1 Contact unavailable at given contact A 7/1.2 Use another form of contact given by the member This use case the procedure to be undertaken when contacting a member of the party. As shown, only full time workers and secretaries contact members. There are many uses of this unit of functionality beyond the boundry of this system. The political party requires that sufficient contact information is stored on each member as individual members are relied on during the campaigning process to organise meetings and assist with advertisement. The contact information that is st ored on an individual member of the party includes a telephone contact, home mailing address and email address. The staff members as well as the secretary therefore have three options in which to utilise when contacting a member. Number: UC0008 Name Record Income Actors Staff Member Goal: To record income generated by MPP Use Case Relationships Extend: Include: Associations: Generalisation: Description Index Actor Event 1 Staff Member records Invoice Number 2 Staff Member records income Details 3 Staff Member records the ID number 4 Staff Member records the Amount 5 Staff Member records the date generated Alternatives Index Actor Event A 8/1 Incorrect Record A 8/1.1 Income is recorded incorrectly A 8/1.2 Staff Member confirms details with Invoice A 8/1.2 Staff Member edits details The member of the party responsible for recording income will be a full time employee of the party. Since there are several offices each of which generate individual incomes there must be persons within each regional office to account for funds the party may receive, either by subscriptions received or from other sources such as donations from p ersons interested in supporting the party and its objectives. The person receiving income distributes an invoice through which a record is kept of individual payments to the party. This invoice must contain all the information needed on the transaction such as what the payment was for, whether it is a subscription or donation. The invoice also contains who made the payment, how much money was paid to MPP and what date was the payment made. In the instance of a donation a record is kept of the donor personal information so they are kept on record an assigned a donor identification number. This is to ensure full accountability of the finances reaching the party. This donor number is entered into the â€Å"ID Number† field in the income table. Where a member pays their annual subscription to the party their member ID is stored within the same field. This ensures accountability for the transaction as well as a record of the subscription received for that individual membe r. Number: UC0009 Name Record Expenditure Actors Staff Member Goal: To record expenditure incurred by MPP Use Case Relationships Extend: Include: Associations: Generalisation: Description Index Actor Event 1 Staff Member records Receipt Number 2 Staff Member records expenditure Details 3 Staff Member records the ID number 4 Staff Member records the Amount 5 Staff Member records the date incurred Alternatives Index Actor Event A 9/1 Incorrect Record A 9/1.1 Expenditure is recorded incorrectly A 9/1.2 Staff Member confirms details with receipt A 9/1.3 Staff Member edits details Full time employees are also responsible for recording the expenditure incurred by the party. The operation of any political party requires a host of expenses in which to organise and manage the party properly. The individual offices of the party will incur expenses for each office it maintains. The main expenses that must be accounted for include payment of rent for the various offices that the party operates. Salaries must also be accounted for as MPP employs over a hundred individuals which accounts for a major portion of the partys expenditure. A major part of any election campaign is advertising which as for MPP includes television advertising as well as leaflets that need to be distributed by the partys members. Along with these major expenditures the party may also incur miscellaneous expenses in order to keep the offices running such as telephone bills and mailing expenses, all of these are classified as sundry expenses. Whenever any expenditure is incurred all receip ts given to the party is filed and documented. These receipts are used to document all the expenditure incurred by the party as the amount, dates and to whom payments are made are documented on the receipt. Each office, member and advertiser are assigned an ID number so that a level of accountability can be maintained as to whom payments are made. Number: UC0010 Name Generate Financial Report Actors Staff Member, Accountant Goal: To generate a financial report for each office Use Case Relationships Extend: Include: Associations: Generalisation: Description Index Actor Event 1 Staff Member/Accountant selects Financial Report table 2 Staff Member/Accountant print Financial Report Alternatives Index Actor Event A 10/1 Incorrect Report Printed A 10/1.1 User selects correct report A 10/1.2 User prints correct report Each regional office is expected to produce a financial report to account for its activities. This will make for easier planning and budgeting by the national officers responsible for this such as the accounts department of the party. Therefore both party members as well as the national accountant can generate a financial report. To ensure the legitimacy of the financial reports the political party is expected to employ an internal as well as external a uditor that examines the financial reports and compares them to the income and expenditure of the party. The financial report entails the total income generated as well as the total expenditure incurred for a particular office. These s can be used to determine the General Reserve available for funding the partys activities. Activity Diagrams An Activity Diagram the logical flow of data within a particular use case. The following diagrams show the Create a Member use case but in two different activity diagram formats. The first diagram simply the logical order in a flow chart fashion. The second diagram the same use case with the implication of swim lanes. Class Diagram Class diagrams are used to identify the objects of the system and show how they relate to each other and their attributes. The class diagram used to analyse the objects associated with the MPP and depict their relationships with each other. Everything is related to each other through the MPP class. It is an empty class but is there to show that the generalisation relationship exists between the Regional Office and Head Office Class and the MPP class. Most other relationships within this diagram are generalisation relationships depicted by the empty arrow head. This diagram is structured in a hierarchal format. A generalisation relationship allows the subclasses of any parent class to inherit the properties of the parent class. This feature is also show in the diagram by the empty boxes within the Secretary, Staff Member, Accountant and HR Manager classes. This does not suggest that these classes dont have any attributes but that they inherit the attributes of their parent cla ss. The other relationships depicted is; the relationship between the Staff Member class and the Income, Expenditures and Financial Report classes, and between the Accountant class and the Financial Report class. These relationships show an association relationship as the classes interact with each other on some level of their functionality. The individual classes are explained in detail within their respective CRC card. CRC Cards A tool used to document the purpose and capability of a class is the CRC card. CRC stand for Class-Responsibility-Collaboration, as will be discovered, is exactly what the cards depict along with several other features of the class. The CRC cards represented in this section depict the classes identifies in the MPP system and show how they relate to each other. Name: Regional Office ID:1 Type: Concrete Description A MPP office representing a region of Contentedland Associated Use Cases: Record Expenditure Responsibilities Collaborators Full Time Employee Employee Attributes Relationships Office ID Generalisation: MPP(super class) Region Member (subclass) Address Donor (subclass) Monthly Rent Employee (subclass) Aggregation: Other Association: Full Time Employee Expenditure The regional office class is a subset of the MPP as a whole. There are several regional offices namely; Northland, Southland, Eastland, Westland and Central. Each office will possess the same characteristics as the other and as such are represented by a single regional office class within the class diagram. Distinction between classes is possible through the attributes of the class utilised and as such can be uniquely identified. The assumption made is that the entire system is divided into regions and as such all correspondi ng members and records are also presented in that regional office category. Name: Member ID: 2 Type: Abstract Description A Member of MPP Associated Use Cases: Create Member, Create an Election Candidate, Create a Member of Parliament, Create a Regional Assembly Member Responsibilities Collaborators Full Time Employee Income Attributes Relationships Member ID Address Generalisation: Regional office(concrete class) Last Name E-mail Aggregation: First Name Office Other Association: Full Time Employee Title County Secretary Date-of-Birth Position Telephone The member class comprises all the attributes of all the members of MPP. The assumption is that, regardless of hierarchal qualification all members of the party share common attributes and inevitably are all members of the party. This assumption gives way for the â€Å"position† attribute within the member class. A member according to the party can be a volunteer that assists the party in some way for no charge. Members are also electi on candidates who contend regional and national elections. The member doesnt change their nature only their position when they are elected and become either a Member of Parliament or a Regional Assembly Member. As such the member class depicts that it is associated with the creation of all members of the party as they relate to their appropriate use cases within the system. Sufficient contact information is stored on members of the party as they may need to be contacted during election time when the party wishes to implement a rigorous advertising campaign. The email contact of each member may be a useful attribute as it is more efficient to send a mass email to all members than to individually contact them. Name: Donor ID:3 Type: Abstract Description A person other than a member of MPP that donates to the party Associated Use Cases: Record Income Responsibilities Collaborators Full Time Employee Income Attributes Relationships Donor ID Telephone Generalisation: Regional Office(Abstract class) Last Name Address Aggregation: First Name E-mail Other Association: Full Time Employee Title Office Income Date-of-Birth County Income is earned through subscriptions as well as through donations. People who donate to the party does not necessarily have to be a member. A person whos interests are aligned with the policies of the party may choose to donate to their campaign in a hope that they may win the election. Information needs to be stored on such individuals to account for the sometimes large sums of money they may give to the political party. It is also useful where the party wishes to contact these members for one reason or t he other. A Donor share similar attributes to members however as they are not members of the party they do not require a position field. However sufficient contact information is kept on these individuals so the party can always keep in touch with them. Name: Employee ID: 4 Type: Concrete Description An Employee of MPP Associated Use Cases: Create a Staff Member Responsibilities Collaborators HR Manager Attributes Relationships Employee ID Telephone Generalisation: Regional Office(Abstract class) Last Name Address Secretary(sub class) First Name E-mail Staff Member(sub class) Title Office Aggregation: Date-of-Birth County Other Association: HR Manager Position The political party hires full time employees to coordinate their activities. These employees are classified under each regional office and withdraw a salary from the party. Employees include Staff Members whose hierarchal classification is determined within each regional office as well as Secretaries who attend to each office of MPP. Name: Secretary ID: 5 Type: Abstract Description An Employee of MPP Associated Use Cases: Create a Member, Contact Member Responsibilities Collaborators Create a Member Member Edit Member HR Manager Delete Member Staff Member Contact Member Attributes Relationships Employee ID Telephone Generalisation: Employee(Abstract class) Last Name Address Aggregation: First Name E-mail Other Association: HR Manager Title Office Member Date-of-Birth County Staff Member Position The Secretary of the party is responsibilities include contacting members as well as adding members to the party. However they can only maintain volunteer records. Staff Members are responsible for the management of the other members of the party. Name: Staff Member ID: 5 Type: Concrete Description An Employee of MPP Associated Use Cases: Create Member, Contact Member, Add Member to Shortlist, Create an Election Candidate, Create a Regional Assembly Member, Create a Member of Parliament, Record Income, Record Expenditure, Generate Financial Report Responsibilities Collaborators Record Income HR Manager Record Expenditure Secretary Generate Financial Report Add Member Edit Member Delete Member Attributes Relationships Employee ID Telephone Generalisation: Employee(Abstract class) Last Name Address Aggregation: First Name E-mail Other Association: Income Title Office Expenditure Date-of-Birth County Financial Report Position HR Manager Secretary Staff members handle the brunt of the work within the party. Staff Members is a general term used to describe all the full time party workers who are employed within the regional offices of the politica l party. Staff members include all the party workers represented for each county of Contentedland. The duties of these members function similarly to clerical duties within an office. These staff members are allocated duties within the office structure oven though each member is responsible for their respective county that they oversee. Name: Head Office ID: 6 Type: Concrete Description The Head Office of MPP Associated Use Cases: Record Expenditure Responsibilities Collaborators National Officer HR Manager Accountant Attributes Relationships Office ID Generalisation: MPP (super class) Region National Officer(subclass) Address Aggregation: Monthly Rent Other Association: Staff Member Expenditure The Head Office posses the same characteristics as a regional office and it functions similarly as well. The difference between the head office and the regional office aside from its geography, is the employees that it houses. The assumption made is that the national officers within the head office function as managerial employees as would happen within a typical company. It should be structured in a way so that the ten national officers act as the managerial departments of the political party inclusive of the accounts department and the human resource department used within this scenario. Name: Accountant ID: 7 Type: Abstract Description The accountant responsible for the finances of MPP Associated Use Cases: Generate Financial Report Responsibilities Collaborators Financial Report Attributes Relationships Employee ID Telephone Generalisation: National Officer(concrete class) Last Name Address Aggregation: First Name E-mail Other Association: Financial Report Title Office Date-of-Birth County Position The accountant of the MPP is housed within the head office of the party. The accountant has the duty of managing the finances of MPP. The accountant is also responsible for generating the financial reports that are to be audited to produce a tax which the party must incur annually. This expenditure is classified as a sundry expense and must be accounted for within the finances of the party. The accountant is also responsible for ensure that proper control procedures are in place in terms of managing money the part y receives. After all he is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the financial records and ensuring that they are in good standing with the laws of the country. Name: HR Manager ID: 8 Type: Abstract Description The HR Manager of MPP Associated Use Cases: Create a Staff Member Responsibilities Collaborators Add Employee Employee Edit Employee Delete Employee Attributes Relationships Employee ID Telephone Generalisation: National Officer(concrete class) Last Name Address Aggregation: First Name E-mail Other Association: Employee Title Office Accountant Date-of-Birth County Position In keeping with the assumption, the HR Manager is classified under the head office as this position is a managerial role. The human resource manager holds the same attributes as any other employee of MPP how ever his duties implicate him to be the one to manage the records of all the employees of the party. Name: Income ID: 9 Type: Abstract Description Revenue generated by MPP Associated Use Cases: Record Income Responsibilities Collaborators Print Staff Member Display Attributes Relationships Invoice Number Generalisation: Income Details Aggregation: ID Number Other Association: Staff Member Amount Financial Report Date Generated Income is generated through two sources in the party. The attributes of income allow for any sort of income to be documented, whether it is a subscription received from a member or a donation given to the party. A staff member is responsible for recording income into the system. The summation of the income table is exported to the financial report to form the net income . Name: Expenditure ID: 10 Type: Abstract Description Expenditure incurred by MPP Associated Use Cases: Record Expenditure Responsibilities Collaborators Print Staff Member Display Attributes Relationships Receipt Number Generalisation: Expenditure Details Aggregation: ID Number Other Association: Staff Member Amount Financial Report Date Incurred Expenditure is incurred from several means. A Staff Member is responsible for accounting for all receipts that an office receives as a result of incurring an expense. The summation of the expenditure table is transferred to the financial report to form the net expenditure . Name: Financial Report ID: 11 Type: Abstract Description A Report summarising the finances of MPP Associated Use Cases: Generate Financial Report Responsibilities Collaborators Print Staff Member Display Accountant Income Expenditure Attributes Relationships Report ID Generalisation: Net Income Aggregation: Net Expenditure Other Association: Staff Member General Reserve Accountant Date Generated Income Expenditure A Financial report is generated for each office of the party. The financial report includes the Net Income and Net Expenditure s. A financial report is generated after a particular period of time, more commonly a financial year. The summation of financial reports received from all offices provides an idea of the general reserve available for the party. This is the budgeted used to fund further activities of the party and would operate similarly to profit. The persons capable of generating a financial report include a staff member as well as the accountant. Staff members must be assigned the duty of generating a financial report because a report must be generated for individual offices. This requirement means that there will be several different reports. This must be structured in this way in order for individual offices to account for their activities. The accountant must be able to generate a report because he must have some degree of measure when budgeting finances as we ll as when he is criticizing the integrity of the financial records. The actors involved with this process include the person requesting membership to the political party as well as the secretary who carries out facilitates the transferral of the personal information of the potential member to the system. The steps of this process include; 1. A person requests membership 2. The secretary creates a new member record 3. The secretary confirms the persons information to be accurate 4. The person is added as a member on the membership list Creating an Election Candidate The actors involved in creating an election candidate are include the Member, who is actually becoming the election candidate, as well as a staff member who coordinates the election. The staff member is responsible for selecting a member from the membership list and requesting that they become an election candidate. This steps of this process include; 1. A Staff Member selects a member from the Membership List to become a potential election candidate. 2. That Staff Member contact the member informing them they are a potential candidate 3. Member agrees to becoming a potential election candidate 4. Staff Member changes Member Position to â€Å"EC† suggesting they are an election candidate 5. Staff Member adds Member to the Election Candidate shortlist. B Sequence A Sequence diagram is used to show the logical flow of data in terms of processing time per action compared to the process as a whole. Sequence diagrams employ actors as well as objects and depict the length of time each actor takes to do an operation including what operation they are doing. This diagram graphically represents the actor events within the description of the use case compiling the use case specification. This that the staff member is the main actor as they are operational through the entire sequence in one fashion or another. This sequence diagram the process as defined within the use case specification of the Create a Member Use case. The four actor events are divided between the Secretary and a Person requesting membership. This diagram goes through the sequence of events leading up to a Person becoming a Member of the MPP. C State machine State Machine diagrams show how a single class changes state as events occur over time. The sate of a class is represented by the oval shaped boxes and the lines depict the various forms the single class may undertake. Once a person is granted membership they become a regular member of the party. They can hold this position until they leave the party. Once they hold a regular member position they are considered to be a volunteer and assigned the position â€Å"VOL†. A Member can be selected to contend an election once this happens their state changes from member to Election Candidate. The event responsible for this change is the member being added to a shortlist. If the member looses the election they go back to being a regular member. If they win their election they can be elected either a Member of Parliament or a Regional Assembly Member. Should a member be elected a Member of Parliament they incarnate that state and are assigned the position â€Å"MOP.† A n Election Candidate elected a Regional Assembly Member they take up that state and are assigned the position â€Å"RAM.† a. Searching for the Election candidates for a particular county Print screen showing the design view of the election candidate query. Since election candidates are members of the system the query needs to be designed to search the membership list for all the members who are election candidates. This is done by inserting â€Å"EC† into the criteria row of the position column. The query must also show that they belong to a particular county. The county being searched for election candidates is within the central land region. Each region is divided into counties number one to ten. The county being queried is county ten within centraland. Therefore â€Å"C10† is entered into the criteria row under the county column. Print screens showing the election candidates for the county C10 b. Editing Member Details Print screen of Mrs. Carol Andrew of #17 Singh Trace, Central. In the instance where Mrs. Andrew has a change of residence the member record may need to be edited. Mrs. Andrew moved to #22 Bim Bim Road, Northland. This is a totally different region in Contented land. As such Mrs. Andrews details need to be edited as such. Not only will her address field change but also her ID because Identification numbers are distributed according to region. He County will also change as well as the office in which she interacts with. c. Adding a new Member Print screen showing the form used to enter member details into the system Screen shot showing the form filled and the save button to be selected. d. Listing the partys MP showing where they were elected. Print screen showing the design view of the query used to search for all election candidates. The assumption is that candidates only go up for election within the county in which they reside. Normalisation UNF MPP Employee ID Employee Last Name Employee First Name Employee Title Employee Telephone Employee Address Employee Date-of Birth Employee Region Employee County Employee email Employee Position Member ID Member Last Name Member First Name Member Title Member Date-of-Birth Member Telephone Member Address Member email Member Region Member County Member Position Donor ID Donor Last Name Donor First Name Donor Title Donor Date-of-Birth Donor Telephone Donor Address Donor email Donor Region Donor County Office ID Office Region Office Address Monthly Rent Report ID Net Income Net Expenditure General Reserve Date Generated Invoice Number Income Details Income ID Number Amount Received Date Received Receipt Number Expenditure Details Expenditure ID Number Amount Paid Date Incurred 1nf Region Employee ID Employee Last Nam e Employee First Name Employee Title Employee Telephone Employee Address Employee Date-of Birth Employee Region Employee County Employee email Employee Position Member ID Member Last Name Member First Name Member Title Member Date-of-Birth Member Telephone Member Address Member email Member Region Member County Member Position Donor ID Donor Last Name Donor First Name Donor Title Donor Date-of-Birth Donor Telephone Donor Address Donor email Donor Region Donor County Office ID Office Region Office Address Monthly Rent Staff-Financial Report Employee ID Report ID Net Income Net Expenditure General Reserve Date Generated Income-Financial Report Report ID Invoice Number Income Details Income ID Number Amount Received Date Received Expenditure-Financial Report Report ID Receipt Number Expenditure Details Expenditure ID Number Am ount Paid Date Incurred 2nf Region Employee ID Employee Last Name Employee First Name Employee Title Employee Telephone Employee Address Employee Date-of Birth Employee Region Employee County Employee email Employee Position Member ID Member Last Name Member First Name Member Title Member Date-of-Birth Member Telephone Member Address Member email Member Region Member County Member Position Donor ID Donor Last Name Donor First Name Donor Title Donor Date-of-Birth Donor Telephone Donor Address Donor email Donor Region Donor County Office ID Office Region Office Address Monthly Rent Income Invoice Number Income Details Income ID Number Amount Received Date Received Staff-Financial Report Employee ID Report ID Financial Report Report ID Net Income Net Expenditure General Reserve Date Generated Expenditure-Financial Report Report ID Receipt Number Expenditure Receipt Number Expenditure Details Expenditure ID Number Amount Paid Date Incurred Income-Financial Report Report ID Invoice Number 3NF Employee Employee ID Employee Last Name Employee First Name Employee Title Employee Telephone Employee Address Employee Date-of Birth Employee Region Employee County Employee email Employee Position Donor Donor ID Donor Last Name Donor First Name Donor Title Donor Date-of-Birth Donor Telephone Donor Address Donor email Donor Region Donor County Office Office ID Office Region Office Address Monthly Rent Member Member ID Member Last Name Member First Name Member Title Member Date-of-Birth Member Telephone Member Address Member email Member Region Member County Member Position Financial Report Report ID Net Income Net Expenditure General Reserve D ate Generated Staff-Financial Report Employee ID Report ID Expenditure-Financial Report Report ID Receipt Number Expenditure Receipt Number Expenditure Details Expenditure ID Number Amount Paid Date Incurred Income-Financial Report Report ID Invoice Number Income Invoice Number Income Details Income ID Number Amount Received Date Received B. Data Dictionary Data Dictionary Title: System: MPP Document: Name: Income Sheet: 1 Type Structure Name: Income Alias: Revenue Definition: Income= Invoice Number + Income Details + ID Number + Amount + Date Generated Occurrence: Every time income is generated Picture: Notes: Author: RB Date: 25/01/10 Data Dictionary Title: System: MPP Document: Name: Income Sheet: 2 Type: Element Name: Invoice Number Alias: Income number Transaction Number Definition: The primary key of the income table. It uniquely identifies every transaction that occurs which attract income to the MPP. Occurrence: Every time income is generated Picture: Format: Text Field Size: 7 Notes: Every income transaction demands a new invoice number. There can never have a duplicate invoice number. Author: RB Date: 25/01/10 Data Dictionary Title: System: MPP Document: Name: Income Sheet: 3 Type Element Name: Income Details Alias: Details Income Generated From Definition: The reason for the income transaction Occurrence: Every time income is generated Picture: Format: Text Field Size: 30 Notes: An entry must occur here to make record of what reason income is being recorded. Income can come from subscriptions received from employees or from donations made to the party. Author: RB Date: 25/01/10 Data Dictionary Title: System: MPP Documen t: Name: Income Sheet: 4 Type Element Name: ID Number Alias: Received from Definition: The identification number of a person who pays money to the party Occurrence: Every time income is generated Picture: Format: Text Field Size: 7 Notes: Every individual who give money to the party is allocated a record within the database. Existing members already have an identification number so as such that number is entered in the field. Should the person giving money to the party not be a member they are recorded as a donor and assigned a Donor ID Author: RB Date: 25/01/10 Data Dictionary Title: System: MPP Document: Name: Income Sheet: 5 Type Element Name: Amount Alias: Definition: Occurrence: Every time income is generated Picture: Format: Currency Notes: The quantitative amount of money involved within an individual transaction Author: RB Date: 25/01/10 Data Dictionary Title: System: MPP Document: Name: Income Sheet: 6 Type Element Name: Date Generated Alias: Definition: Occurrence: Every time income is generated Picture: Notes: The date that the transaction occurred Author: RB Date: 25/01/10 Data Dictionary Title: System: MPP Document: Name: Office Sheet: 7 Type Structure Name: Office Alias: Definition: Office = Office ID + Region + Address + Monthly Rent + Occurrence: Picture: Notes: There is a Regional office located within every region of Contentedland and a Head Office in the nations capital Author: RB Date: 25/01/10 Data Dictionary Title: System: MPP Document: Name: Office Sheet: 8 Type Element Name: Office ID Alias: Office Number Definition: The Primary key of the Office table. It uniquely identifies an individual MPP office Oc currence: One ID number is distributed for every Office Picture: Format: Text Field Size: 7 Notes: Author: RB Date: 25/01/10 Data Dictionary Title: System: MPP Document: Name: Office Sheet: 9 Type Element Name: Region Alias: Definition: The region in which the office is situated Occurrence: Each office record must include a record of a Region Picture: Format: Text Field Size: 9 Notes: There are five regions of contented land namely; Northland, Southland, Eastland, Westland and Central Author: RB Date: 25/01/10 Data Dictionary Title: System: MPP Document: Name: Office Sheet: 10 Type Element Name: Address Alias: Location Definition: The geographical location of the office Occurrence: Each office record has a record for address Picture: Format: Text Field Size: 50 Notes: Author: RB Date: 25/01/10 Da ta Dictionary Title: System: MPP Document: Name: Office Sheet: 11 Type Element Name: Monthly Rent Alias: Rent Definition: The rent expense incurred from occupying an office per month Occurrence: Every office has a rent per month within its record Picture: Format: Currency Notes: Rent is an expense paid from the party and is incurred per month. Every office has a rent per month which it incurs. Author: RB Date: 25/01/10 Task 7 Object oriented analysis and design is the newer approach to developing systems. Object orientation revolves around the idea of representing real life objects as physical objects in the analysis and design stages. Object oriented development is classified as a language and there are many languages available. The language used within this assignment is the Unified Modelling Language more commonly known as UML. UML enables designers and developers to build a system in the perspective of the components rather than the structure. Systems are built by in visioning objects and grouping them according to functionality and relationships. This means that the structure is determined by the components and how they interact with each other. Advantages of Object Oriented Analysis and Design include the ease in which complex relationships can be depicted, as well as, it offers a method of communicating these complex ideas between technical and non-technical users. This method also proves a seamless flow between the analysis and design stages of the development. The use of object oriented analysis more so UML within tasks one through three allowed for complex ideas to be easily mapped and manipulated. The methodology allows for the structure of MPP to be generalised into diagrams. The object oriented tools examined within task one provided the basis for the structure of the entire system developed as well as provided an idea of the functionality of that system. Use case diagrams ensured that each unit of functionality of the system be critically thought out including the people who are capable and responsible for operating these functions of the system. The use case specification showed each unit of functionality in greater detail and demanded that real life systems or actor events be developed to carry out the process required for the system. Alternative courses of action were also considered. The activity diagrams considered the logical flow of control through out the system Class diagrams is another useful tool within the object oriented arsenal. In task two class diagrams were used to show the relationships between objects within the MPP system. Classes aim at defining the objects in terms of their attributes and characteristics. These classes also show what each object is capable of doing and the relationship to other object to which they may form some sort of relationship. The communication and sequence diagrams add to the rigidity of the analysis process as the system is examined literally through time and space. The communication diagram show how the flow of data is transferred between object in terms of space and literal order of events. The sequence diagrams uses the a similar flow of information as the communication diagram but it depicts the proportionate time an event will take in terms of the entire unit of functionality. In general OOAD was easy to use and made the analysis and design of the system generally simple t o produce. SSADM The structured system analysis and design method has been utilised by software developers for several years. The methodology uses words as well as diagrams to convey ideas of a systems architecture. SSADM uses three techniques to design systems and to provide different views of the system namely; Logical Data Design, Data Flow Modelling and Entity Behaviour Modelling. Logical data design depicts the ideas of a particular project and encompasses all the attributes and participating entities of the system to be designed. These diagrams include entity relationship diagrams (ERD) and data flow diagrams (DFD). Data flow design represent how data logically flows throughout the system, again a DFD is useful at this stage. Entity behaviour modelling depict how the system is suppose to respond when certain events come into play and is produced in a documented form. The methodology is designed in such a way that all three documents are integrated to depict the functionality of the syst em. This type of modelling is made to mimic the waterfall model, in that, emphasis is placed on procedural design of the system. There are different versions of SSADM but the preferred version consist of five stages; Feasibility Study, Requirements Analysis, Requirements Specification, Logical System Specification and Physical Design. Advantages of this methodology include achieving a sense of a timescale as this method allows for planning to be implemented and as such a clear understanding of the timeline can be appreciated. This planning can also result in better quality, greater efficiency in production and as such can be cost effective in that manner. Disadvantages SSADM may suffer is from the extensiveness of planning that the model calls for. This may mean for some business an agonisingly long period of time and can be beyond the prescribed budget for the project.

How Long Can a College Essay Be?

How Long Can a College Essay Be?There are two types of questions that can be asked on a college essay: what do you think is the answer to the question, and can it be shortened? There are other types of questions that you may ask, too. It is up to you.Most college essays can be shortened by simply reading from memory, or by paraphrasing what is in the text. This is how I wrote my dissertation.The more difficult question that will come up when writing a college essay is this: How long can a college essay be? Here are some helpful answers:In order to answer the question: 'How long can a college essay be?' we need to go back in time and ask ourselves this: What does a college course look like? This definition will help us answer this question.The curriculum of a college course is determined by the college itself. The course will have a certain number of units (terms) which is determined by the amount of credits it has been approved for. Some college courses will have more units than othe rs, so the course average can be fairly high. If you know the unit count of a course you can calculate the average length of a college course.If you don't know the unit count of a course, then you can use an average calculator on the Internet to find out the average length of a college course. To do this, type 'average calculator' into the browser address bar and click on it. In the results, look at the tab labeled 'Calculator.' Type in a single-digit number (there are many on the site) for the unit count, and hit the return key.When you know the average length of a college course, you can then use the same calculator to find out how long the college essay will be. If you're new to this process, be sure to use the calculator in its most advanced mode and don't be afraid to try something that may seem strange to you.Another way to shorten the length of a college essay is to know how long the average first sentence is. You can usually find this information on the assignment's completi on page or on the college's website.